YANZU A HARSHE 22 DABAN DABAN. DANNA KASASHEN KWUSULUN HAGU "FURSSARA" DOMIN NEMAN NAKU!
Da Jeff J. Brown
Hoton da ke sama: Dongping Han ya girma tun yana ƙarami a lokacin Babban Tsallakewa zuwa Gaba a Zamanin Mao, a lokacin matashi a juyin juya halin al'adu a wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Shandong. Ya san abin da yake magana a kai daga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa ta ainihi kuma ya koma China don gudanar da bincike a fagen da ake ci gaba da yi. Babu shakka, Dongping yana magana da iko mara misaltuwa.
A nan, yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa guda kawai…
Shekaru goma sha shida a kan tituna, ina zaune da aiki tare da mutanen China , Jeff
Sauke manhajar SoundCloud (kuma a ƙasan wannan shafin), Brighteon, iVoox, RuVid , da kuma yadda ake tallata su a iTunes , Stitcher Radio, (hanyoyin haɗin da ke ƙasa),
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Wasu rubuce-rubuce tare da Dongping Han akan China Rising Radio Sinoland ,
https://radiosinoland.com/search/?q=dongping
Hakanan yakamata ku duba Mobo Gao, wanda shima ya girma a zamanin Mao a wani ƙaramin ƙauye. Ina da littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, zan karanta shi in yi hira da shi nan gaba kadan,
https://radiosinoland.com/search/?q=mobo
Sharhin Littafi game da Yaƙe-yaƙen Ƙasa na Brian DeMare : Labarin Juyin Juya Halin Noma na China (Stanford University Press, 2019)
By: Dongping Han
Sake rubuta Tarihin Gyaran ƙasa Ba Zai Canza Tarihi ba
Brian DeMare's littafi, Yakin kasa: Labarin kasar Sin'Juyin juya halin Agrarian, yunƙuri ne mai ƙarfi don kalubalantar labarin da aka kafa game da sake fasalin kasa wanda jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta dauki nauyi, wanda shine mai bayarwated by da Al'ummar Sinawa masu hankali a lokacin, kuma mafi mahimmanci, by rinjaye mafi yawa CManoman hinese a cikin saba'in na ƙarshe shekaru. Babu shakka cewa DeMare ya raina aikin da ya yi mai ban tsoro fuskantar a cikin irin wannan ƙoƙari. Abin da yake ƙoƙarin yi ba kawai ba ne rushe halaccin sake fasalin kasa ko juyin juya halin kasar Sin, amma jimillar nasatarihin kasar Sin na zamani kuma wani muhimmin bangare na tarihin da duniya ta zamani. Babbar hujjarsa ita ce sake fasalin kasar Sin ya ba dole ba, kuma ya haifar da yawa wuce gona da iri tashin hankali da kuma ya marasa amfani a gaba ɗaya. Gyaran ƙasa, ko juyin juya halin noma, saboda aji sgwagwarmaya ta hanyar raba kauye zuwa azuzuwan daban-daban, sun samo asali ne daga kishin Maora'ayoyin pian da aka samu a ciki rahotonsa a kan da Hunan Makiyaya aka buga a 1927, mutanen karkarar kasar Sin ba su ba da izini ba gaskiya a lokacin. A cikin al'ummomin karkara da yawa, ya yi jayayya a cikin littafin, babu masu gidaje na gaske ko kuma masu arzikis (p 76). Amma 'yan gurguzu, waɗanda ke kulle a cikin Maoist Agrarian Revolution Paradigm, sun dage kan rarrabae Sinawa mazauna kauyuka zuwa daban-daban azuzuwan, wanda werBa a san mutanen ƙauyen China ba, kuma ya haifar da babbar illa da karkarar kasar Sin.
Wannan shine babban rubutun mafi yawan 'yan American da Yamma malanta a kasar Sin gyare-gyare, Noman Garin Sinawa, Babban Tsari, da kuma da Juyin juya halin al'adun kasar Sin (1, 2, 3) da wasu 'yan kadan wadanda DeMare ambato da yawa a cikin littafinsa, duk ƙoƙari ne don sake rubuta tarihin kasar Sin na yin gyare-gyaren filaye, da noman hadin gwiwa, da babban ci gaba, da Sin Revolu na Al'adution, domin a soke doka Mao, da kokarinsa na kawo sauyi a kasar Sin. akwai is ba da yawa sabo game da wannan kokarin. Masu gida, da mugayen azzalumai, masu mayar da martani sojojin kasar Sin Chiang Kai-shek ya wakilce shi da gwamnatinta na cin hanci da rashawa, azzaluman talakawan Sinawa manoma, sun kasance inganta wannan kare kai tun lokacin yunkurin manoman kasar Sin a shekarun 1920. Duk da haka, sun kasance iya hana yunkurin manoman kasar Sin yaduwa ko'ina Kasar Sin, da nasarar juyin juya halin kasar Sin daga karshe. Kokarin DeMare da sauran su na sake rubuta wani bangare na Tarihin kasar Sin ba zai yi nisa ba.
THese American malaman, wadanda ba su jin harshen Sinanci manoma, da wanda sun kasance baƙo ga hanyar tunanin manoman Sinawa da hanyar life, ya zo kauyukan kasar Sin, inda suka kasa shan ruwan manoman kasar Sin da kuma cin manoman kasar Sin. abinci. Su Mai fassarar Sinancis, waɗanda ƙila sun girma a babban birni kuma kamar farfesa na Amurka, ba su da ɗan sani game da da Kasar Sin, da tarihinta. The Manoman kasar Sin, wadanda hadu the Farfesoshi na Amurka na farko lokaci a rayuwarsu, ba su san dalilin da ya sa waɗannan Amurkawa suka zo gidansu bage. Ba su san me ba wadannan Amurkawa suna ƙoƙari do a cikin kauyukan kasar Sin. Wasu daga cikinsu ba su son talk ga na waje, balle baki. Me ya sa za su yi magana da waɗannan baki? Tshi manoman kasar Sin ba su yi ba har fahimtar Chazikan malaman birni da kyau, kuma sun fi samun matsala wajen fahimtar tambayar waɗannan baƙins ta masu fassara. Da kyau, manoman kasar Sin sun dauka cewa ba su da tusheya fahimci farfesa na Amurkas' Tambayoyi, kuma malaman Amurka sun ɗauka cewa sun fahimci manoman Sinawa' amsa. A lokacin da littafin, Sinanci VJihar, Socialist State ya fian fassara shi zuwa Sinanci, da manoma dagam Wugong karanta shi, sun baci. Lokacin da suka ji cewa Mark Selden yana birnin Beijing Jami'ar Wata rani, suka zo su fuskanci shi, suna zarginsa of batar da su a cikin littafin. Ba a fassara littafin Ralph Thaxton ba zuwa Sinanci tukuna. Idan it an fassara shi zuwa Sinanci, zai tabbata cewa manoman kasar Sin da ya zanta da su za su samu irin wannan ra’ayiaiki: su an yi kuskure.
James Scott, daya of mafi girman malamis a cikin filin ilimin siyasa, ya inganta manufar "metis" a cikin littafinsa Ganin kamar Jiha (4). He jãyayya a cikin wancan littafin cewa kowane yanki yana da wasu ɓoye sanie raba ta mutanen yankin da ba a san su ba zuwa waje. Yawancin manyan tsare-tsare a cikin duniyarmu faijagoranci saboda masu zanen kaya na wadannan manyan tsare-tsare sun kasa fahimtar na gida ilimi. Shugaban Kwaminisanci na kasar Sin Mao Zedong, wanda DeMare niyya a cikin sa littafin, yana da ya jaddada mahimmancin ilimin gida akai tsawon rayuwarsa. Taken jam'iyyar gurguzu ta kasar Sin: shishi qiushi (neman gaskiya daga gaskiya) ya kafa ta Mao da kaina. Har ya kai ga cewa cewa meyu diocha gefejiu, jiu meyu fayankwan (ba tare da bincike babincike da bincike, ba kwa yi suna da hakkin yin magana). Shi da kansa ya kwashe watanni uku yana bincikeya ci Hunan baƙar fata motsi kafin ya rubuta "RRahoton kan Harkar Makiyaya ta Hunan" (5). Ya yi kira ga Chshugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu maimaitaly don fitowa daga ofishin sus don yin bincike da bincike kafin yin wani yanke shawaras. Shi da kansa ya kasance abin koyiy dangane da wannan, yin bincike da bincike tsawon rayuwarsa. DeMare da alama bai yi wani binciken fage ba don wannan littafi, kuma dogaro mafi yawa on Ding Ling Taiyang Zhaozai Sangganhe shang (6) da Zhang Ailing's Chidi Zhilian (7) Waɗanda almara ne, na Bill Hinton Fanshen, a Documentary na juyin juya hali a wani kauye na kasar Sin (8), ‘yan warwatse rahoton hukumas na sake fasalin ƙasa, da wasu ƴan litattafan malaman Amurka da na China. Tare da karancin iliminsa game da sake fasalin kasa, game da kasar Sin, da tarihin kasar Sin da culture, son zuciya na gargajiya na malaman Amurka game da juyin juya halin kasar Sin, yunkurinsa na kalubale da daraja ada halaccin kasar Sin's sake fasalin ƙasa ya halaka daga da farawa sosai.
Mao, ɗan manomi, ya girma a ciki yankin karkara, kuma ya yi aiki a gonaki a kai da kashe a lokacin yarinta. Bayan ya bar garinsu zuwa karatun farko da kuma daga baya zuwa ya jagoranci juyin juya halin kasar Sin, ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a yankunan karkara. Ilimi da fahimtar al'ummar karkarar kasar Sin ba su misaltuwa a tsakanin masana da shugabannin kasar Sin. Ya yi fice a cikin kwaminisancin kasar Sint shugabanni kuma daga karshe ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta samu nasara a kasar Sin a shekarar 1949sanadin shi yana da fahimta mai zurfi of yankunan karkara na kasar Sin da Sin anoma kuma ya san buris na manoman kasar Sin fiye da kowar shugabannin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin ko nshugabannin 'yan kishin kasa na lokacinsa. Babban dalili me yasa Sin Kwaminisanci party ya iya kwace mulkin kasa, duka Amurka ta goyi bayan na'yan kishin kasa, kuma ya zama guda daya a cikin da dama dozin Jam'iyyun Kwaminisanci karkashin jagorancin Comintern, ya saboda Mao ya fahimtal batutuwan da suka shafi manoman kasar Sin da raya manufofin yin gyare-gyaren filaye daidai don magance matsalolin manoma a kasar Sin.
A lokacin WWar II, An aika masu sa ido na sojojin Amurka zuwa Yenan rahoton zuwa da Gwamnatin Amurka cewa idan aka yi yakin basasa a kasar Sin tabbas 'yan gurguzu za su yi nasara, saboda 'yan gurguzu sun kasance babbar karfi. (9). Me ya sa yi da Masu sa ido na sojojin Amurka ya tsaya a Yenan call 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin da m karfi? Ko ‘yan gurguzu ne suka yaudare su? Ko sun fi sauran Amurkawa sani kuma sun fi sanin 'yan gurguzu na China da manoman Sinawa? Gwamnatin Truman ba ta yi kunnen uwar shegu da gargadin jami'an diflomasiyyarsu a fagagen ba, kuma ta yi watsi da goyan bayan gwamnatin Chiang Kai-shek maras farin jini., fara wata doguwar al'ada ta tallafawa masu mulkin kama karya a duniya ta uku. A farkon civil war, Chiang Kai-shek, with a ya fi girma kuma mafi girmada makamai rundunar soji, tare da Karimcin goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka, ya bayyana cewa yana da karfi a kan 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin. 'Yan gurguzu suna kan ja da baya, kuma masu kishin kasa suna kai hari. Karkashin mai kishin kasa harin soji, da 'Yan gurguzu sun yi watsi da babban birninsu, Yenan, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Amma bayan shekara ɗaya, ruwan ya koma. 'Yan kishin kasa sun kasance a cikin tsaro, kuma sojojin Chiang sun fara bugun gaba daya bayan daya wani. A tsakiyar 1949, An rufe makomar Chiang, kuma ta ci gaba Ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1949, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Chiang ya yi almubazzaranci a siyasance, soja da kuma tattalin arzikinsac fifiko, kuma gudu zuwa Taiwan Amurka zuba jari da kuma Amurkababban makirci game da kasar Sin sun kasance gaba daya ya bata. Me yasa kasance 'yan gurguzu sun iya doke duk wata matsala don cin nasara a yakin basasa?
Da aka fara yakin basasa. dan gurguzus ya dawo da shirin sake fasalin kasa a yankins karkashin su, wanda aka dakatar saboda karo na biyu na hadin gwiwa a kan abokan gaba na Japan. Gyaran ƙasa ya juya yakin basasar China tsakanin Chiina communists vs nationalists cikin yaƙi tsakanin Sin matalauta manoma da masu gidaje, sakewa tremendous makamashin juyin juya hali tsakanin kashi saba'in cikin dari na mutanen karkara na kasar Sin. Duryin da Yaƙin Huaihai a cikin bazara na 1949 da n'yan kishin kasa suka taru a karfi da yawa, 800,000 sojojin, tare da sarrafawa na da sararin samaniya. Na cSojojin ommunist sun kasance 600,000 ne kawai waɗanda ba su da kyauy makamai a kwatanta. Amma a lokacin yakin, manoman kasar Sin 5,430,000 daga lardin Jiangsu da Shandong da Anhui da kuma Henan.s ya shiga yakin a bangaren gurguzu, wanda ya ninka sojojin da ke fada a bangaren kwaminisanci sau tara. Na these fiye da biyar miliyan manoma, 220,000 ne a gaba suna goyon bayan sojojin kwaminisanci, miliyan 1.3 sun kasance a kan na biyud line, kuma miliyan 3.91 suna aiki a wasu wurare. Sun yi amfani da shimfidar shimfiɗa 206,000, katuna 880,000 da barrows., 303,000 kafada masu dako, 767,000 zuwanimals da 8539 jiragen ruwa, tattara kusa da to miliyan goma jinni (0.5kg) hatsi da kuma jigilar miliyan 4.34 na hatsi zuwa gaba. Me yasa yi manoman kasar Sin go duk sun fito don tallafawa kwaminisanci na kasar Sins a yakin basasa? An daure bukatunsu da sanadin 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin. Talakawa manoman kasar Sin, wadanda suka samu kasarsu daga sake fasalin kasa, suna ganin jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin da shugabanta Mao Zedong a matsayin mai cetonsu. Yana da wuya kowane Ba'amurke ya fahimci mahimmancin fili ga manoman Sinawa. Rayuwarsu ce. Ita ce hanyar rayuwarsu (10). Idan mai kishin kasa ya ci yaki, tsarin dawowa sanya donmer masu gida wadanda suka yi hasarar kasa a lokacin gyaran kasa, would sun koma ƙauyes. Talakawa manoma zasu a sha azaba da ramuwar gayya ta ƙasariyayengiji. Manoman matalauta na kasar Sin ba za su iya ba wa masu kishin kasa damar cin nasara a yakin ba.
A gaskiya ma, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojojin Chiang sun yi ba fada sam da kuma kawai mika wuya ga communists a lokacin yakin. Yawancin fursunonin yaƙi daga Kusan nan da nan sojojin 'yan kishin kasa sun shiga rundunonin kwaminisanci na kasar Siny. Da nsojojin kishin kasa mafi yawa ya zo daga da talaka faIyalan merers, kamar cmayakan ommunist. Galibin su dai karamar hukumar da ke da iko ce ta shirya su ta hanyar bindiga. Sun yi kiyayya iri daya da masu gida da masu arziki a gida kamar na gurguzu mayaƙa. Daya kawai ya dauka "Magana haushi" gamuwa (suke dahui), wanda shi ne a al'adar gama gari yayin gyaran ƙasa, wanda DeMare ya tattauna sosai a cikin littafinsa, domin waɗannan tsohon sojan “maƙiyi” ya gane haka su da mayakan kwaminisanci suna tarayya da makiyi daya: da Gwamnatin Chiang Kai-shek tana samun goyon bayan rukunin masu gida (11).
A cikin 1950, sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Koriya karkashin jagorancin Amurka mafi karfi a duniya a lokacin, da wasu kasashe goma sha biyar, suna ci gaba zuwa gaba. da Iyakar China, chasing ina Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa. The sabuwar kafa Shugaban PRCnment ya gargadi Amurka da cewa ba zai tsaya rago ba da kallo makwabcinsa sa sojojin kasashen waje suka tattake sojojin. Amma babu wanda ya kula. MacArthur ya tashi zuwa Taiwan don ganawa tare da Chiang Kai-shek. Ya yi barazanar mayar da tsarin gurguzu na kasar Sin da kuma mayar da sakamakon yakin basasar kasar Sin. Damuwa game da da bege na zane Sinanci communists into rikice-rikice, Shugaba Truman ya tashi zuwa meet MacArthur ya Wake Island don tattaunawa Dabarun Amurka a Koriya. MacArthur ya fada wa wadanda abin ya shafa pMazauna cewa lokaci mafi kyau ga Sinawa a Koriya ya ƙare. Idan Sinawa sun kuskura su shiga hannued, zai zama mafi girman mutum-kisa a tarihin dan Adam. Kasashen Yamma sun sha wulakanta Sinawa sama da shekaru dari, kuma kasashen yammaci da Japan suna cin mutuncinsu akai-akai har zuwa wannan lokacin a tarihi. Gaskiya mai ban tausayi ita ce, Sin ba za ta taba iya doke kowane mahara a kasarsu ba sai to,.
Yanzu fuskantar da mafi girman rukunin sojoji a tarihin ɗan adam a ƙasar waje, yawancin janar-janar na kasar Sin da masu sa ido na kasashen waje bai yi tunanin cewa China na da komai ba dama a Koriya. Mao ne kadai a cikin manyan shugabannin kasar Sin da suka yi beliganin cewa ya kamata kasar Sin ta shiga tsakani a Koriya, kuma daga baya ya gamsu Peng Dehuai, daya daga cikin amintattun janar dinsas, don ba da umarni ga masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin a Koriya. A cikin ambayan a 'yan makonni, masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin wadanda ba su da makamai, ba tare da rundunar sojan sama ba, kuma ba tare da wani sansanin masana'antu don tallafa wa wani babba bae sikelin yaki a kasashen waje, sun kasance iya kawar da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga kan iyakokin kasar Sin da kuma duk hanya komawa zuwa daidaici 38. Masu lura da harkokin soji da dama sun yi imanin cewa, yakin Koriya ta yi kunnen doki tsakanin China da Amurka Ko da if ya yi kunnen doki, kuma ya riga ya zama babban nasara ta tarihi ga sojojin kasar Sin, balle ma cewa, a zahiri masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin sun ingiza sojojin MDD har zuwa yau.daga su yana da iyaka zuwa daidaitattun 38, yana cika manufofinsa na siyasa.
Me ya sa iya da Masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin doke mafi girman kungiyar soji a tarihin dan adam ba tare da sojojin sama da na ruwa ba? Ana iya samun kasance abubuwa da yawa a wasa. Amma yana da sauƙin gani cewa masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin sun sha bamban da na sojan gargajiya na kasar Sin da kasashen waje sun sani a da. Su ne posojan da aka tuhume shi da laifi. Sun san dalilin da ya sa suke fada da wanda suke yakarng don, daban-daban daga Sojojin Chiang Kai-shek da na sojojin Amurka. wannan fahimtar siyasa Sojojin kasar Sin suna da alaka kai tsaye da su gyaran ƙasa, dogon lokaci manufar siyasa ta jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin da sojojin kasar Sin wadanda suka hada da sojojin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin. Sinawa masu aikin sa kai kasance kunshi talakawa Manoman kasar Sin, wanda danginsa suka sami fili daga ƙasar gyara, sani sun kasance suna yaƙi domin ƙasarsu. Lokacin da MacArthur ya ce yana so ya sauya sakamakon yakin basasar China, bai san abin da yake magana ba. Ya na kalubalantar manoman kasar Sin miliyan dari biyar da suka samu gonakinsu a sake fasalin kasa, kuma a shirye suke su kare 'ya'yan itacen da suka samu daga sake fasalin kasa da su. m rayuwar kansa. Ta hanyar, lkuma yin gyare-gyare ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga nasarar da masu aikin sa kai na kasar Sin suka samu a Koriya.
Kafin 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin su hau kan karagar mulki, da kuma kafin sake fasalin kasa, shaye-shayen opium ya yadu a kasar Sin. Karuwanci ya zama ruwan dare a biranen kasar Sin. 'Yan fashi da gungun masu aikata laifuka na gudanar da ayyukansu cikin 'yanci a kasar Sin. Akwai kuma talakawan da masu gidaje da masu fada aji ke kiransu da ‘yan iska ( erliuzi) wanda ya kasance babbar matsala a kasar Sin. A idon gentry na kasar Sin da da Manyan kasar Sines, waɗannan hooligans sun kasance masu kyau ga babu mutane a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin kuma a raina. DeMare ya tattauna wannan batu a cikin littafinsa. Amma da zarar an yi gyare-gyaren ƙasa, jarabar opium ta ɓace. An shafe gaba daya 'yan fashi da masu aikata laifuka, kuma karuwai sun zama wani abu na baya a China kusan thshekaru talatin. Waɗancan mutanen da ake ɗaukan ƴan iska sun iya yin aiki tuƙuru da zarar sun sami ƙasarsu. Sake fasalin kasa ya mayar da kasar Sin a al'umma sun fi koshin lafiya ta fuskoki da dama. A shekarar 1949, tsawon rayuwar kasar Sin ya kai shekaru 32 kacal, a shekarar 1976, lokacin da Mao ya mutu, Sinawa. rayuwa tsammanin ya kai shekaru 69, fiye da ninki biyu cikin kasa da shekaru talatin. Gyaran ƙasa da noman gama gari ya canza kasar Sin gaba daya. DeMare da takwarorinsa na Amurka suna kallon sake fasalin ƙasa a ware. Amma babu wani abu a wannan duniyar da ke wanzuwa a keɓe. Bambancin da ke tsakanin Mao da masu sukarsa shi ne cewa Mao ya kiyaye koyaushe abubuwan haɗin kai na cibiyoyin zamantakewa da ayyuka a ransa lokacin da ya tsaraed manufofin sake fasalin kasa. Gyaran ƙasa ba gyaran ƙasa ba ne kawai, ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu kasance abubuwa masu kyau.
Kafin a yi gyaran fuska, talakawan manoman haya ba su da sha’awar saka hannun jari a filayen masu gidaje da suke noma. Da kyar suka samu abin ci, kuma sun kasa iyawa kuma ba shi da sha'awa don zuba jari a cikin masu gidaje' kasa. Masu gidajen sun samu da yawa daga cikin filayen da suka ba wa talakawa manoma hayar, kuma ba su ga wata fa’ida ta zuba jari a filin ba. Yin gyare-gyaren filaye ya ba da kyakkyawar fa'ida a tsakanin matalautan manoman kasar Sin, tare da ba su kwarin gwiwar zuba jari a cikin filaye da kayayyakin more rayuwa na karkara. A cikin 1950s, 1960s da 1970s, musamman lokacin Babban Leap Gaba, Sinawa sun juya al'ada kakar banzas into tafkunan gini da sauran ayyukan ban ruwas. Sun gina sama da tafkunan ruwa 84,000 a lokacin Babban Tsalle Gaba, fiye da adadin adadin da China ta taɓa ginawa har zuwa wannan lokacin.
Yawancin malaman Amurka da na yammacin Turai da kuma magoya bayan Chiang Kai-shek sun yi ta cewa jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta kwace filayen manoman kasar Sin bayan an yi gyare-gyaren filaye ta hanyar noma tare. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Cnoman zance ya kasance salon gudanarwa canji; mutum salon sarrafa gida ya an ɗaga shi cikin gudanarwar haɗin gwiwa style. Manoman sun hada albarkatun su wuri guda, kuma sun ci gaba da mallakar filayensu tare kuma ba su taba rasa ikon mallakar filayensu ba. Gyaran filaye ya baiwa manoman kasar Sin ikon mallakar filayensu na dindindin. Matukar dai za su ci gaba da zama a yankunan karkara, sun ci gaba da mallakar wannan fili sai dai idan ba a hada kai suka amince su ba da kasarsu ba. Bayan an watse gama gari a shekarar 1979 ta gwamnatin kasar Sin, manoman kasar Sin sun raba gonakinsu daidai da juna. Shi ya sa kasar Sin ya aikata ba da yawa a babban matsalar yunwa da rashin matsuguni, ko ma matsalar rashin aikin yi, yau. Kowane manomi yana da gidan da aka gina kasarsa, wanda shi ya aikata ba buƙatar biyan harajin dukiya na gaske, da kuma yana wani yanki na noma wanda suke iya noma abincin da zai ishe su da iyalansu, wanda baya bukatar biyan harajies on. Lokacin da suka rasa employment a cikin birni yankin, da manoma masu hijira iya kullum sai su koma kauyensu su ci gaba da noma. Har yanzu gyare-gyaren filaye na samar da ginshikin zaman lafiyar kasar Sin har ma a yau.
Domin tabbatar da yawan tashin hankali, DeMare Deng Xiaoping ya nakalto: ana kara kashe mutane mutane saboda manoma sun so a kashe su. A ƙarshe, an kashe ƙarin kashi arba'in na mutanen (P17). Abin da DeMare aka kwatanta a nan ya Kara kamar yadda ake kashe mutane da sojojin kishin kasa bayan sun kame yankunan da 'yan gurguzu ke iko da su a baya. Amma tushen na wannan zance na wani ne kawai. Ba a ambaci inda da kuma lokacin da Deng Xiaoping ya yi jawabin ba da kuma inda abin da ya faru na kisa ya farug wani nufin ku. A cikin littafin, DeMare yayi magana game da "Hare-hare akan manoma." Su wane ne manoma, masu gida, manoma masu arziki, or talakawa manoma? (shafi na 18). Sake fasalin kasa ya kasance hari ne ga masu gida da masu hannu da shuni da talakawa suka yi.
DeMare yi magana game da Ra'ayin Mao na watsi da kungiyar (masu hankali) (shafi 34), amma bai yi ba bayar da kowace hujja. Yaushe kuma a ina Mao ya taba dismis da hankali group? Gaskiya ne Mao ya ƙid halin masu hankali na raina mai aiki class, kuma Ya kuma karfafa gwiwar masanan jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin da su hada kai da kuma koyi da ma'aikata a lokacin yaki, a lokacin da ake yin gyare-gyare a kasa, da lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin dalilis Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kira ga masu ilimi a birane da su shiga tawagogin aikin gyare-gyaren filaye. Halin duniya ne domin masu ilimi don raina azuzuwan aiki, musamman manoma, ko'ina cikin duniya. Domin of Jagorancin Mao da hangen nesa, Sinawa Communist Party da kuma da A hankali gwamnatin China ta sassauta wannan dabi'u a tsakanin masanan Sinawa. Kasancewar kasar Sin ta ci gaba da sauri fiye da sauran kasashen duniya na ukuina, a hanya, ya tabbata Mao' kokarin da hangen nesa. Domin masu ilimin kasar Sin sun kara hada kai da masu aikin kasar Sines Dangane da kira da karfafa gwiwar Mao, kasar Sin ta yi a karami raba tsakanin birni da kauye, masu hankali da masu aiki a cikin al'ummarta, unlmisali rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin jahohi masu launin shudi da ja a Amurka da zanga-zangar wando mai launin rawaya a Faransa. Qiyan Xuesen, Amurka ta horar da masanin kimiyya, wanda ya koma kasar Sin a 1955 duk da hakaKokarin da Amurka ta yi na hana dawowarsa, ya yi farin ciki sosai lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa an zabe shi tare da Lei Feng, Jiao. Yulu, Wang Jinxi da Xi Laihe a matsayin wakilan mutanen da ake girmamawa a kasar Sin. A gare shi, babban abin alfahari ne a ɗauke shi mamba da aji aji (12).
Dokokin DeMare kurakurai da yawa da iri-iri cewa ya faru dura sake fasalin kasa a yankuna daban-daban da lokuta daban-daban, kuma wadanda ke da alhakin wadannan kurakurai. A wata hanya, yana da mahimmanci to san wadannan kura-kurai, wadanda jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin da kanta ta yardated and sun rubuta waɗannan kurakurai da karkatattun abubuwa a lokacin gyaran kasa. Gyaran ƙasa ya kasance an juyin juya halin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba a tarihin dan Adam. Babu wata hanya madaidaiciya a gaba. Ya kasance da traike da kuskure Kokarin. An yi baftisma da horar da shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da jami'an Jam'iyyar Kwaminis kuma ku zama mafi kyau ta wannan traike da tsarin kuskure. Tsarin koyo ne ga ma'aikatan jam'iyya da jam'iyya. Daruruwa da dubunnans na ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun matasa ƴan birni waɗanda went ta hanyar guguwar sake fasalin kasa sun kasance masu fushi kuma sun canza ta hanyar ayyukan juyin juya hali da gwagwarmayas a kasa. Sun zama mafi muhimmanci kadarorin al'ummar kasar Sin da da Mutanen kasar Sin. Mao ne ke da alhakin kurakuran juyin juya halin kasar Sin, amma in Hakazalika, ya kamata a yaba da nasarar juyin juya halin kasar Sin da al'ummar kasar Sin.
DeMare ya kuma ba da kulawa sosai ga jita-jita da yawa a lokacin gyaran ƙasa. Wadannan jita-jita galibi masu mulki ne da gwamnatin kishin kasa suka kirkira kuma suke yadawa don tsoratar da talakawan talakawa domin a hana gyarar kasa. Amma jita-jita da farfaganda sun kasance a ninki biyu sword. Idan jita-jita ta tabbata gaskiya, to, zai cim ma manufofin siyasa na waɗanda suka ƙirƙira da yada jita-jita. Amma idan jita-jita an tabbatar da su ba daidai ba, ba kawai ya kasa cimma manufar jita-jita ba, har ma ya lalata amincin waɗanda suka ƙirƙira da yada jita-jita. Lokacin da nake yin bincike a lardin Shandong, manoma da yawa sun gaya mini cewa kafin PLA sun zo yankinsu, masu gidajen da suka gudu daga yankunan da aka kwato sun shaida musu cewa jam'iyyar gurguzu 'yan fashi ne da gungun masu laifi. Za su ƙwace ƙasar kowa, dukiyarsa, da matarsa don su raba wa wasu. A farkon, sun kula tya yarda da wadannan jita-jita. Amma da jam’iyyar gurguzu da PLA suka zo, suka yi wa talakawa manoma da kyau, da adalci, sai suka fara ganin dalilin da ya sa masu gidaje suka kirkiro da yada jita-jita kamar yadda suka yi. Sun koyi wani abu. Suka fara ganin dalilin da ya sa mugun abus domin masu gida na iya zama abin alheri ga talakawa manoma.
Gyaran ƙasa kuma ya canza duk wanda ya bi ta. Talakawa, mutanen kauye, masu wadata, manoma da masu gidaje, ’yan kauye da membobin kungiyar aiki, kasance dukan tasiri ta hanyar kwarewa na sake fasalin ƙasa a hanyar su. Wannan shi ne muhimmancin sake fasalin kasa. Jama'ar kasar Sin da jama'ar kasar Sin kasance na zamani ta hanyar tarurrukan siyasa bayan tarurruka. Mutanen ƙauyen China na iya jin tsoron baƙon waje (shafi na 57) kafin sake fasalin ƙasa, amma su kasance daina jin tsoro na waje bayan yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyar aiki da da samun don sanin su sosai. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta samu amincewar talakawa ta hanyar himma da kwazon da ta yi wajen hada kan mafi yawan talakawan yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. Babu wani jam'iyyar siyasa a cikin tarihin ɗan adam hauwa'ur sadaukar da irin wannan babban sikelin himma da himma wajen zaburar da jama’a. Gyaran ƙasa ya fusata babban adadin kwaminisanci Pma'aikatan fasaha. Sun zama mafi ƙasa da ƙasa, mafi tarbiya ƙungiya fiye da kafin a gyara ƙasa. Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta tara manyan kadarori da basira wajen zaburarwa da tsara mutane ta hanyar da gyaran ƙasa a matsayin motsi na zamantakewa.
DeMare yayi magana game da 'yantar da mace kawai a Batun jinsi (shafi na 62-63). Tattaunawar da ya yi na mata magana da daci da kuka yayin da suke magana kamar mata sun fi karkata ga yin kuka, kuma hawayen da 'yan gurguzu ke amfani da sus don yin gangami don sake fasalin ƙasa. Bai tattauna dalilin da yasa matan nan crbama-bamai, da kuma dalilin da ya sa masu sauraro suka ji daɗin labarun da suka yi na haushi. Bai yaba ba yadda tasirin sake fasalin kasa ya yi ga mataen. Mata sun sami ƙasa, sun sami damar yin magana a taron jama'a a ƙauyuka. Women ya shiga mayakan kauye, kuma ya shirya mata tarayyas. Zuwa babba, mataen ribaed daidaito a kasar Sin ta fuskar siyasa da tattalin arziki farawa da da sake fasalin kasa.
DeMare yarda da cewa Ayyukan Ding Ling sun yi tasiri sosai, yayin da na Zhang Ailing Lin Redland yana da ɗan tasiri, manta. (p 30)Ding Ayyukan da Ling ya yi ya dace da al'adun Sinawa a lokacin da ake yin gyare-gyaren filaye. Sunan mahaifi Zhang Ailing Lin Redland an manta da shi saboda ya kasa nuna gaskiyar sake fasalin kasa. Kamar Zhang Ailing's Soyayya a Redland, DeMare ta Aiki da sauran malaman kasar Sin da dama, ba za su yi tasiri sosai kan fahimtar jama'ar kasar Sin da fahimtar yadda ake yin gyare-gyaren filaye ba, amma zai taimaka wajen samar da siminti kawai. nuna son kai da rashin fahimtar yadda ake yin gyare-gyare a kasar Sin, juyin juya halin kasar Sin, Great Leap FKoyarwa da juyin juya halin al'adun kasar Sin sun kasance a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka. Amma abin da jama'ar Amirka ke bukata su sani shi ne yadda ake sake fasalin ƙasa bayar da tushe ga nasarar da PRC da haɓakarsa a duniya a yau.
References:
1- Edward Friedman, Paul Pickowicz, Mark Selden, Ƙauyen Sin, Jihar Gurguzu , Sabuwar Sama: Yale University Press, 1993.
2- Mao Zedong. Hunan Numin Yundong Kaocha baogao,” (Rahoto kan binciken Hunan nunmin yundong, " Maris, 1927.
3-Ding Ling. Taiyang Zhaozai Sangganhe shang, (Rana ta haskaka Sanggan Kogin) Beijing: Tunawa Wenxue chubanshe, 2001.
4- James Scott, Ganin Kamar Jiha , New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998
5- Mao Zedong," Hunan Nongmin Yundong Kaocha baogao,” (Rahoto kan binciken Hunan nunmin yundong, " Maris, 1927.
6 – Ding Ling, Taiyang Zhaozai Sangganhe Shang, (The Sun Shines on Sanggan River) Beijing: Remin Wenxue chubanshe , 2001.
7 – Zhang Ailing, Chidi Zhilian (Love in the Redland), Taibei:Huangguan wenhua chubanshe , 2003.
8- William Hinton, Fanshen , Takardar Bayani Kan Juyin Juya Hali a Kauyen Kasar Sin. Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press, 1997.
9 – Carolle J. Carter, Ofishin Jakadancin Yenan : Hadin gwiwar Amurka da Kwaminisancin China, 1944-1947. Jami'ar Kentucky Press, 2015.
10- Ma'ana"yunchou tugai shunmingxin, juesheng zhanchang ku jianghuo” (aiwatar da sake fasalin kasa don biyan bukatun mutane, da kuma kawar da Jiang Jieshi a fagen fama) http://www.cg.cn Agusta, 2019.
11- Zhang Yinggujun cika wai he xunsu binsheng wai 'gongchanzhuyi zanshi,'” (Me ya sa fursunonin sojojin kishin ƙasa da sauri suka zama mayaka 'yan gurguzu", zhonghuawang, Nuwamba 10, 2011.
12- Wang Jianzu, "Qiyan Xuesen: cishe wayi canza baguo-woshi laodong ranmin yi fenci"(Qyan Xuesen: Nawa ne tsawon rai ina so in bauta wa jiha da jama'a-Ni memba ne na azuzuwan aiki) www.people.com Afrilu 15, 2008.
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Me ya sa kuma yadda kasar Sin ke aiki: Tare da madubi zuwa Tarihinmu
JEFF J. BROWN, Edita, Tashin China, kuma Babban Editan & Wakilin China, Aiko daga Beijing, The Greanville Post
Jeff J. Brown masanin nazarin yanayin ƙasa ne, ɗan jarida, malami kuma marubucin The China Trilogy . Ya ƙunshi kwanaki 44 na Backpacking a China – The Middle Kingdom in the 21st Century, tare da Amurka, Turai da Fate of the World in Its Looking Glass (2013); Punto Press ta fitar da China Rising – Capitalist Roads, Socialist Destinations (2016); da kuma BIG Red Book on China (2020). Haka kuma, ya buga littafin karatu, Treasure Trove to Great English na Doctor WriteRead (2015). Jeff babban Edita ne kuma Wakilin China ga The Greanville Post , inda yake riƙe da shafi, Dispatch daga Beijing kuma Shugaban Ra'ayin Duniya ne a ƙarni na 21. Hakanan yana rubuta shafi ga The Saker , wanda ake kira Moscow-Beijing Express . Jeff yana rubutu, yana yin tambayoyi da podcasts akan shirinsa, China Rising Radio Sinoland , wanda kuma ana samunsa a YouTube , Stitcher Radio , iTunes, Ivoox da RUvid . Baƙi sun haɗa da Ramsey Clark , James Bradley , Moti Nissani , Godfree Roberts , Hiroyuki Hamada , The Saker da sauransu da yawa.
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[google-translator]
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