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Da Jeff J. Brown

An nuna hoton Wilfred Burchett a sama , yana da alaƙa da mutanen da ke yankin Yamma da ake kashe mutane a Vietnam ko Cambodia, kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Lura da yadda yake tare da sojojin Amurka masu kisan kare dangi, don haka zai iya aika labarai da aka tace zuwa ga jaridar New York Times da Washington Post ta CIA don sake duba farfagandarsa ta ƙarshe. Jirgin da ke ɗauke da makamai yana da ban mamaki. Ina son kwalkwalinsa mai hana harsashi, da kuma duk sulken da yake tunanin yana buƙatar kare kansa daga waɗannan miyagun mutanen Vietnam Cong. Gilashin dare ma abin birgewa ne, don kallon duk wani harin bam na kafet na Amurka, napalming da dioxin da ke fesawa akan duk abin da ya mutu da rai, mutane, tsirrai da dabbobi. Kuma ba za ku taɓa sanin lokacin da za ku buƙaci takalman jackboots na Amurka don mutuwa a ciki ba, lokacin da masu kula da farfagandar Ma'aikatar Yaƙi ke ɓatar da ku a baya saboda rashin yi wa ƙungiyar daular ta'addancin kashe-kashe-kone ...

Allah Ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan jarida na ƙarni na 20 ^albarkacin gaskiya da adalci, albarka har abada.

Ana iya saukar da shi SoundCloud podcast (kuma a kasan wannan shafin), da kuma ana haɗa su iTunes da kuma StitcherRadio (links kasa),

 

[dropcap] M [/dropcap] arch ^16th shine ranar tunawa da kisan gillar da aka yi a My Lai, Vietnam a 1968 ( https://www.rt.com/usa/421522-my-lai-massacre-50-years/ ). Na rubuta a cikin Littafi na 2 na The China Trilogy ( http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2017/05/19/the-china-trilogy/ ), China Rising – Capitalist Roads, Socialist Destinations ( https://ganxy.com/i/113798/jeff-j-brown/china-rising-capitalist-roads-socialist-destinations ), cewa duk mamayewa, yaƙe-yaƙe da mamayewa na My Lai kowace rana, musamman idan Amurkawa da Turawan Yamma ne ke kai hari a bayan gidanka.

Abin da ya sa aka yi amfani da wannan ƙaryar da aka yi wa My Lai a matsayin babban ƙarya shi ne cewa ta ba da ra'ayin cewa wannan ranar kisan kare dangi ta 1968 ta kasance wata sabuwar dabara, wasu mutane kaɗan nagari sun yi mummunan aiki , wani abin mamaki, wani abin mamaki a cikin manufar Eurangloland ta "wayewa, mayar da al'ummar yammacin duniya da kuma mayar da al'ummar Kiristanci." Ba gaskiya ba ne, kamar yadda aka saba.

Lai na ya kasance al'ada. My Lai ita ce manufar Amurka ta kisan kiyashi a kan al'ummomin Vietnam, Cambodia da Laos, inda aka kashe miliyoyin mata, yara da tsofaffi - bama-bamai, ƙonewa da guba ga mutuwa - kamar beraye. My Lai har yanzu siyasa ce ta hukuma a Iraki, Siriya, Yemen, Falasdinu, Afganistan, Libya, Ukraine da sauran dubban sauran yankuna na duniya, na baya da na yanzu, inda kasashen Yamma ke amfani da ‘yan amshin shata, kisa, juyin-juya hali da ta’addancin tuta na karya don ci gaba da mulkin kama karya na jari hujja.

A Asiya, ya kamata mu girmama miliyoyin da aka kashe a Koriya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1950-1953, gami da amfani da yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na Amurka a fili ( http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2018/03/12/noose-of-truth-is-tightening-around-milton-leitenberg-co-s-collective-neck-china-rising-radio-sinoland-180310/ da http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2017/08/19/japan-admits-bio-and-chemical-weapons-use-in-wwii-when-will-the-us-come-clean-china-rising-radio-sinoland-170819/ da http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2017/07/29/americas-big-lie-about-bioweapon-crimes-in-korea-tom-powell-on-china-rising-radio-sinoland-170729/ ). Miliyoyin laifukan My Lai da na ƙasashen Yamma da suka shafi ɗan adam sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin gubar maganin wariyar launin fata na ƙarni na dubu ( http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2018/01/06/slavs-and-the-yellow-peril-are-niggers-brutes-and-beasts-in-the-eyes-of-western-empire-china-rising-radio-sinoland/ – an sabunta kuma an faɗaɗa ).

A baya a cikin 1950-1970s, wani ɗan jarida jajirtacce ya kasance a wurin a lokacin kisan kiyashin na Koriya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana kururuwa ga gaskiyar da ba a tantance ba ga ikon daular tare da neman amincewa ga miliyoyin mutanen yamma marasa ƙima. Wilfred Burchett ya kasance a ƙasa, yana magana da waɗanda aka azabtar da su da kuma ɗaukar hoto na ainihin siyasa na mulkin mallaka.

Ɗansa, George Burchett abokina ne kuma abokin aiki, kuma memba ne na kafa Hukumar Gaskiya ta Makamai ta Amurka, inda ya bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga Laburare ta Duniya ta Yanar Gizo ( http://chinarising.puntopress.com/2018/03/12/noose-of-truth-is-tightening-around-milton-leitenberg-co-s-collective-neck-china-rising-radio-sinoland-180310/ ). A cikin tunawa da alfahari da girmamawa na mahaifinsa, George yana buga littafin Wilfred Burchett na gargajiya game da mulkin mallaka game da Vietnam, mai suna Vietnam Will Win ( https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/02/02/vietnam-will-win-introduction/ ).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A hoton da ke sama, littafin gargajiya na yaki da mulkin mallaka, wanda Wilfred Burchett ya rubuta, Vietnam Will Win , wanda ɗansa, George, ya wallafa a yanar gizo.

Ga Babi na Tara daga littafin Wilfred. Abin da kawai kuke buƙatar karantawa/saurara/kallo shi ne, a bayyane yake, yadda gaskiya ne, cewa ga Amurkawa musamman da kuma ƙasashen Yamma gabaɗaya, kowace rana ita ce My Lai duk inda sojojinsu ke cin zarafin mutane a faɗin duniya. Wannan dai irin rawar mutuwa da halaka ce, tun daga ƙarni na 15 da kuma ganimar da ta yi wa Amurka, lokacin da Eurmericans suka kashe 'yan asalin ƙasar miliyan 100. Ko kuma ku ji daɗin komawa ga Yaƙin Jihadi, inda miliyoyin mutane suka halaka a duk faɗin ƙasashen Slavic da Semitic. Mafi kyau kuma, ku ci gaba da sanya Alexander na ƙarni na 4 ^BC ya zama abin koyi. Nasa shine "aikin diflomasiyya" na farko na Yamma zuwa Afirka da Asiya, tare da kisan gillar da ya yi wa duk wanda ya ƙi amincewa da shi.

Turawan Yamma ba su da komai a kan Nazis da sauran masu fasikanci iri-iri a cikin tarihi. A cikin zuciyarta, Yamma ɗan farkisanci ne, ta hanyar dubban shekaru na mugunyar wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, yaƙe-yaƙe da kisan kare dangi. Hitler da Nazis sun kasance suna ɗaya kawai a tsakanin mutane da yawa: Daular Amurka, Daular Belgian, Daular Biritaniya, Daular Holland, Daular Faransa, Daular Jamus, Daular Italiya, Daular Portuguese, Daular Sipaniya, Sihiyoniya, ad nauseam. Hakanan zamu iya ƙara Aryan Asiya mai daraja ta Yamma, Daular Jafananci.

Duk wani shugaban Amurka tun daga George Washington, wanda ya sanya hannu kan umarnin farko na kawar da 'yan asalin Pequot, waɗanda suka yi wa Orwellian kisan gilla a kan duk wani mummunan zalunci , har zuwa Donald Trump, an yi su a faɗin Amurka kuma a yau suna ci gaba da aiwatar da wariyar launin fata ta farkisanci a duk faɗin duniya. Duk shugabannin Eurangloland da masu yi musu ba'a suna da laifi - suna da rashin tausayi da rashin lafiya - a kowane lokaci.

A ƙasa, Wilfred Burchett ya buɗe wata taga mai ban tsoro da tada hankali a cikin tushen tunanin halin wariyar launin fata da kisan kare dangi na Yamma. Yana da My Lai kowace rana.

Babi na 9: Vietnam Za Ta Yi Nasara: Zubar da Teku

ta Wilfred Burchett

https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/02/28/vietnam-will-win-emptying-the-sea/

Daga cikin hanyoyin da Washington ke ƙoƙarin sayar da labarin "ci gaba da ci gaba" ga jama'ar Amurka shine ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "'yan gudun hijirar daga ta'addancin Vietcong." Ƙirar ƙididdiga na waɗanda ke cikin sansanonin shanty da ke kewaye da manyan biranen ana kwatanta su a matsayin "ci gaba" da kuma tabbacin rugujewar kwaminisanci.

Waɗannan marasa sa'a hakika 'yan gudun hijira ne daga ta'addanci. Amma ta'addancin Amurka ne daga tarin bama-bamai da jiragen sama na B-52 suka jefa. Wasu kuma 'yan gudun hijira ne daga ayyukan soji na sojojin Amurka, waɗanda galibi ba su da wani buri illa su tada hankalin jama'a a yankin NLF [ bayanin edita: National Liberation Front, wanda aka fi sani da Vietnam Cong, Kwaminisanci Arewacin Vietnam, da sauransu ) da yankunan da ake takaddama a kansu da kuma zama darasi a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Saigon. Wani tsari makamancin haka ya samar da kididdigar "masu tserewa." A cikin ayyukan soji, wannan jami'in Amurkan ya yanke shawarar ko ya kamata a tattake waɗanda aka kama zuwa cibiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira ko sansanonin "buɗe makamai" don a tilasta musu shiga cikin Sojojin Saigon, ko kuma a miƙa su ga ƙungiyoyin azabtarwa da kisa a matsayin "masu taurin kai na Vietcong."

Jonathan Schell, a cikin littafinsa game da Ben Suc, ya bayyana yadda aka kai waɗanda suka tsira daga harin da aka kai wa ƙauyen da ƙarfi zuwa sansanin Phu Loi mai suna [1] kuma ya sami kalmomin MARABA DA ZUWA 'YANCI DA DIMOKURADIYYA da MARABA DA ZUWA CIBIYAR KARƁA GA 'YAN GUDANAR JAM'IYYAR KWAMITINCI a kan tutocin zane da aka rataye a kan wayoyin da ke kewaye da sansanin. [2] Duk da haka, an ƙara adadinsu a cikin rahotannin ci gaba.

Sharhi ne kan yanayin yaudarar kai wanda ya mamaye Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a Saigon, cewa kafin fara tashin bama-bamai, Janar Westmoreland ya yi amfani da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam don yin misali da ra'ayoyin jama'a a kauyukan Kudancin Vietnam game da hare-haren bama-bamai kuma ya ba da rahoto ga Washington game da abin da ya faru da su cewa manoman sun ji daɗin yin bama-bamai kuma ba su da wata damuwa game da Amurka game da wannan batu. Shin ba daidai ba ne? Akwai rahoto daga Washington a cikin New York Herald Tribune na 13 ga Oktoba, 1965 daga marubutan Rowland Evans da Robert Novak wanda ya ce:

"Shaidu guda biyu sun tashi a gaban dukkan korafe-korafen cewa duk da cewa harin bama-bamai da Amurka ta kai a kauyukan Kudancin Vietnam na iya yin nasara a fadace-fadace, amma ana rasa yakin ne ta hanyar kawar da mutane.

“Shaida ta 1. Sakamako na wata runduna ta musamman da ke nazarin halin da ake ciki a ƙauyuka, ba ta nuna rashin amincewa da Amurka ba sakamakon tashin bam.

“Shaida ta 2. Tawagar masu tayar da kayar baya karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Edward Lansdale mai ritaya da suka shiga kauyuka domin cin galaba a kansu ba su mayar da ko da korafe korafe kan tashin bama-bamai ba.

"Wannan labari mai dadi yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda dalilai na soji, harin bama-bamai na Amurka a Kudancin alkalumman zai hanzarta-ba za a ragu ba nan gaba kadan…

"Har yanzu masu tsara manufofin Amurka sun ci gaba da yatsu game da tasirin tashin bama-bamai…

“Ko da yake ba a bayar da sanarwar a hukumance ba, an kafa wata runduna ta musamman da Janar William C. Westmoreland ya kafa…

"Aikinsa, don nazarin halayen tunanin mutum a cikin ƙauyuka zuwa bugun da ba a so daga iska. An sanya wani ƙwararren Pentagon a cikin ilimin halin jama'a ga ma'aikata ...

"A cikin ma'anar ma'anar Mao Tse-tung, mayaƙan mayaka kifi ne kuma tekun da suke iyo a ciki shine mutane. Idan babu teku, kifi ba zai iya yin iyo ba."

Yayin da injin yakin Amurka ya kasa kama kifin, za a yi amfani da shi wajen kokarin kwashe tekun. Labari na Evans-Novak shine share fage ga yunƙurin mai da hankali don shafe duk abin da ke rayuwa, motsi ko girma a yankunan da NLF ke iko da shi. Ta hanyar bama-bamai a ƙauyuka, sinadarai masu guba akan ciyayi da kuma "kashe duka, ƙone duka, lalata duk" ayyukan share fage, an ayyana yaƙin gabaɗaya akan kowane mutum, mace, yaro, dabba da tsuntsu, duk abin da ke rayuwa da girma a cikin yankunan da NLF ke sarrafawa. Hanya daya tilo da za a kubuta daga mutuwa nan take, bisa ga manufofin Amurka, ita ce yarda da mutuwar rai na sansanonin tattara bayanan da ake wa lakabi da “Cibiyoyin karbar ‘yan gudun hijira.” Karin gishiri?

"Kowace rana, kowace mako, kowace wata, ana samun ƙarin abokanka, sansanonin sojoji, da ramuka kuma ana lalata su ... MUTUWA ce kawai ke kusa. Shin kana jin jiragen sama? Kana jin bama-bamai? Waɗannan su ne sautin MUTUWA: MUTUWA. Yi taro yanzu don tsira." [3]

Wannan wani rubutu ne na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka jefo bisa ƙauyuka. An kwatanta gefen baya tare da hoton wani bam da aka kashe mai hanji yana fitowa ko kuma wani hoton mutuwar da aka yi niyyar tsoratar da mai kallo. Amma ƙoƙarin tserewa mutuwa a wata hanyar da aka amince da ita ta gudun hijira zuwa yankunan da ke karkashin ikon Saigon shaida ce ta laifi. Domin duk wani dan kauye ya gudu daga bama-bamai ko harsashin bindigar a lokacin harin bam, shaida ce ta laifi da hujjar yankewa; duk wanda ya buya a wani matsuguni a lokacin tashin bama-bamai da jiragen sama da na bindigogi da suka yi kafin shigowar Amurkawa kowane kauye, to kai tsaye “Vietcong” ne za a yi masa iskar gas kamar bera a cikin rami. Ko da mallakar irin wannan matsuguni shaida ce ta laifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka yi hasarar rayuka a lokacin da Amirkawa suka kai harin bama-bamai a kauyukan da ke karkashin ikon Saigon ko kuma a yankunan da ake takaddama a kai ba su da iyaka fiye da lokacin da suka jefa bam a cikin yankunan NLF, inda kowane gida yana da matsuguni mai zurfi kuma kowane ƙauye yana da ramukan sadarwa.

Wadanda suka tsaya kuma suka mutu a saman kasa ne kawai za a iya ɗauka ba su da laifi. Iyalan da ke raye, “marasa laifi” Vietnamese a cikin karkara su ne waɗanda ke bayan waya ko kuma waɗanda suka yarda da wannan don makomarsu nan take.

"Wataƙila idan kun yarda da wannan yaƙin, duk za a iya ba da gaskiya - yajin aikin kyauta, 'yan gudun hijirar, fesa maganin ciyawa a kan amfanin gona, da napalm… Mun yi tafiya a cikin wani wuri mai tsaro a kan ƙauyukan da ba kowa, kwararo mara kyau, dazuzzukan da ke da manyan swathes da kuma shinkafa da aka yi watsi da su kowace rana. Ba duk sojojin da ke yaki ne da suka sadaukar da kai a bangare daya ba, da yawa tsofaffi maza ne, mata da yara maza da suka gudu lokacin da jirgin helikwafta ke shawagi, wadanda ke fakewa da bama-bamai a cikin makiya, ko kuma suka ki barin gonakinsu.

Wasu gungun Amurkawa ne suka rubuta wannan, waɗanda suka fi kowa sanin abin da ke faruwa a ƙauyuka. An cire shi daga buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa da aka aika wa Shugaba Johnson a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1967, wanda Don Luce, shugaban Ayyukan Sa-kai na Duniya (IVS), ƙungiyar jin daɗin jama'a ke aiki a Kudancin Vietnam tare da amincewar Amurka. Bayan Luce, mataimakan shugabanni hudu da wasu 44 daga IVS sun sanya hannu kan wasikar. Bayan hidima na shekaru bakwai a Kudancin Vietnam, Luce da mataimakansa hudu sun yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Amurka ke gudanar da yakin. Wasu mambobi 35 na IVS, kusan dukkan Amurkawa, su ma sun so sanya hannu amma sun tsorata da barazanar ofishin jakadancin Amurka na shigar da su cikin sojojin Amurka nan take idan sun sanya hannu. Baya ga ƴan keɓantattun ƙungiyoyin Quaker, IVS ita ce ƙungiyar Amurka kaɗai da ke da alaƙa ta gaske tare da jama'ar karkara. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan "buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa" sun gaya mani cewa kusan dukkan membobin sun zo Kudancin Vietnam suna da matuƙar gamsuwa da yanayin adalci na sadaukarwar Amurka a Vietnam amma sun ji ciwo da gaske. Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun bukaci kawo karshen hare-haren bama-bamai a Arewacin Vietnam, da amincewa da kungiyar NLF, da kawo karshen aikin lalata jikinsu nan da nan (fasa amfanin gona da sinadarai masu guba) da kuma kawo karshen yakin.

"Cibiyar karbar 'yan gudun hijira" ita ce gudunmawar Westmoreland ga "hanyar ƙauyen" tunanin magabata. Ko ta halin kaka, za a mayar da mazauna yankunan karkarar Kudancin Vietnam a baya, kuma idan alkawarin dala da aka yi bai yi tasiri ba wajen jawo manoma a ciki, to, za a yi amfani da barazana da gaskiyar kawar da ’yan gudun hijirar. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce sanya yankuna a matsayin "yankin yajin aiki kyauta." Duk wani yanki da ba a karkashin ikon Saigon ba, wato, inda manoman ba su bayan waya ba, an ayyana shi a matsayin "yankin yajin kyauta" inda ma'aikatan bama-bamai wadanda ba su da aikin yaki ko kuma suke dawowa da makaman da ba a yi amfani da su ba za su iya bama bama-bamai da bama-bamai yadda suka ga dama, ayyukansu na ci gaba da kai hare-hare na yau da kullun da 'yan bama-bamai na B-52, kowannensu ya dauki fiye da tan 30 na bama-bamai.

A wani lokaci, matukan jirgin saman rundunar sojin saman Vietnam ta Kudu ne kawai ke da 'yancin jefa bama-bamansu a yankunan "yajin aiki kyauta". Amma a cewar wani rahoto na New York Times [4] , Pentagon ta naɗa wata ƙungiyar bincike ta Rand Corporation don ba da shawara ko jiragen saman Amurka suma ya kamata su fara kai hare-hare kan ƙauyukan. Jaridar Times ta taƙaita ƙarshen ƙungiyar binciken kamar haka: "Muna da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanmu, bari mu sami ƙarin fa'ida." Wannan furuci mai ban sha'awa, in ji jaridar Times, yana nufin cewa ƙungiyar Rand ta yi la'akari da cewa jiragen saman "Kudancin Vietnam" waɗanda suka lalata ƙauyuka shekaru da suka gabata Amurkawa ne ke tuƙa su, don haka ƙarin kutse da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da Amurka a fili. Rundunar Sojan Sama, kuma a mafi girma, ba zai yi wani babban bambanci ba.

Tran Van Thien, wani jami’in siyasa a hedkwatar NLF, yayi tsokaci game da rahoton Evans-Novak da Rand kamar haka: “’Yan Nazi a zamaninsu sun yi abin da ake kira ‘gwajin kimiyya’ a kan gawarwakin mutanen da suka mutu, da gangan suka harba su da kwayoyin cuta masu kisa don yin nazarin halayen da suka mutu yayin da suka mutu, Amurkawa yanzu suna yin gwaji tare da rayayyun jikin dukan mutanen Kudancin Vietnam. Auschwitz da sauran irin wadannan sansanonin ga mutanenmu dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin karkara a matsayin kasa.

Yawan "'yan gudun hijirar daga ta'addanci na Vietcong" ya karu da dubun dubatar a wata, bisa ga tsananin hare-haren bama-bamai da nasarar ayyukan "sharar gida" na Amurka. Kowane karin 100,000 jami'an 'yan jaridu na Amurka, a Saigon da Washington sun yaba, a matsayin tabbacin ci gaba a yakin, tunanin da manyan jami'ai, ciki har da shugaban Amurka suka maimaita. Lokacin da adadi ya kusan kusan miliyan, an sami wasu ɓacin rai a wasu da'irori. Sanata Edward Kennedy, bayan da ya duba halin da ake ciki a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira, ya garzaya zuwa Geneva da sauran cibiyoyin duniya da ke kokarin gabatar da wannan da gangan na kera ‘yan gudun hijira a matsayin wata matsala ta kasa da kasa, wadda ya kamata kungiyoyin ‘yan gudun hijirar na kasa da kasa su dauki nauyin tallafin.

An yi amfani da komai tun daga bama-bamai zuwa na bulldozer don shafe ƙauyuka da yawa kamar yadda ikon Amurka zai iya kaiwa. A ƙarshen 1966 na shiga gundumar Cu Chi, ɗaya daga cikin shida da ke cikin lardin Gia Dinh, wanda Saigon yake. Cibiyar gundumar tana da nisan mil 12 arewa da Saigon a madaidaiciyar layi, mil 24 ta hanya. Daga cikin ƙauyuka masu wadata da ke kewaye da bamboo da na gani a lokacin ziyarara ta farko zuwa Cu Chi kusan shekaru uku da suka wuce, babu wata alama da ta rage - ba ƙauye ba, ba gida (a cikin ma'anar al'ada), ba bishiya ba, ba buffalo ba. Inda aka sami shimfidar shinkafa, kyawawan filayen kabeji, turnips da abarba, akwai kawai ramukan da suka mamaye. A farkon wannan shekarar a Arewacin Vietnam na ga filayen dankalin turawa da masara “sun tashi.” A haƙiƙa waɗannan rukunin na kare kansu ne da aka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin motsa jiki a cikin wani yanayi, da kuma yaran makaranta da ke da koren ganyen ganye suna zuwa ƙafarsu bayan wani hari ta sama, a ɗayan. Amma a Cu Chi, na ga kasar da kanta a tsaye bayan tafiyar jirage masu saukar ungulu. Stark tsirara maza waɗanda suka taso daga cikin laka don kwashe da tura garma da amfani da fartanya, kuma su koma cikin laka lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu suka dawo.

An sami mutane 60,000 a kauyuka shida na Cu Chi lokacin da Brigade ta 2 na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 25 ta kafa hedkwatarta a can ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1966, bayan wani farmaki na kwanaki 10 na "bincike da lalata" a gundumar. A cikin watan da ya biyo baya Amurkawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun harba harsashi 180,000 a gundumar Cu Chi, inda suka ci gaba da kusan lokaci guda a cikin wannan shekarar. Akwai hare-hare na yau da kullun na jirgin sama akan kowace alamar rayuwa: daji yana motsi da iska, kaji yana fita daga shinge ko buffalo yana yawo a cikin tafki. A lokacin da nake can, an rika harba bindigogi masu saurin gaske a kowane sa'o'i na dare, inda aka rika tafka ruwan harsasai a cikin filayen ta ko'ina daga hedikwatar birgediya.

Na yi magana da gautsayi, tsirara mai noma. Bai ji kunya ba kuma baya bukatar hakan. Gory laka da aka toshe a jikinsa ya kawar da duk wani tunanin tsiraici. Shi mutum-mutumi ne a cikin yumbu mai rai, wani yanki na ƙasa yana rayuwa a siffar ɗan adam.

"Mutanena sun kasance a nan," in ji shi. "Babana, mahaifin mahaifina da mahaifinsa in dai za mu iya kirgawa. Kasusuwansu na kwance a nan, ko da shaidanun Yankee sun yayyaga kaburbura da bama-bamai da bama-bamai da tankunansu.

Na tambayi yadda za a iya samar da wani abu a cikin irin wannan yanayi. "Ba za mu iya samar da yawa kamar da ba, amma isa ya raya mu da fada," in ji shi. "Ba mu da buffalo kuma Amurkawa sun lalata mafi yawan garmukan. Suna noman gonaki da bama-bamai da harsashi. Wani lokaci sai mu yi ta ratsa ramukan da ke cike da ruwa don shuka 'ya'yan shinkafa da wasu 'yan kabeji. laka tana zare kunci. “Mu daga Cu Chi,” in ji shi, “za mu ci ciyawa da saiwoyi, ƙasa da kanta idan akwai bukata, amma ba za mu taɓa barin wannan ƙasa ta kakanninmu ba.

Hiep, memba na kwamitin gundumar Cu Chi na NLF, wanda na haɗu da shi a lokacin ziyarar da na kai a baya, ya bayyana cewa Cu Chi ta kafa yankin kudu na wani yanki mai nisan mil 12 arewa maso gabas zuwa Ben Cat, wanda aka jefa bam a kai kuma aka harba shi da harsasai akai-akai domin "mayar da yankin zuwa hamada inda babu abin da zai iya motsawa, rayuwa ko girma. Amma banda ƙoƙarin hana sojojinmu ci gaba zuwa babban birnin," Hiep ya ci gaba da cewa, "Amurkawa suna fatan tilasta wa mutanenmu shiga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin zaman lafiya na Lansdale [5] . Amma duk da duk abin da al'ummarmu ke yi. Daga cikin mutane 60,000, ƙasa da 800 - waɗanda ke wakiltar iyalai 150 - sun bar gundumar. Amma ba don shiga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira ba. Ganin cewa wannan tsohon yanki ne na juyin juya hali kuma bayanmu ya koma yankunan da aka 'yantar da su, yawancin waɗanda suka tafi sun koma waɗannan yankunan, yayin da wasu kuma suka tafi zuwa yankunan da ake takaddama a kansu inda bama-bamai ba su yi tsanani ba. Babu wanda ya yarda da alƙawarin Amurka na kuɗi don siyan gida da piastres 500 a wata a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. Wasu daga cikin wakilanmu sun shiga sansanonin, sannan suka fito don ba da rahoto game da mummunan yanayin da ke wurin, kuma idan akwai wanda ke da ra'ayin tashi zuwa sansanonin, sun canza ra'ayinsu lokacin da suka ji abin da ke faruwa a can, iyalai da yunwa suka mutu cikin ƙazanta da rashin tsari, kuma kwamandojin sansani suna karɓar mafi yawan kuɗaɗen da Amurkawa ke bayarwa don kula da su.

A wani yanki kamar Cu Chi, inda manyan ƴan ta'addar suka kasance da tsari sosai kuma suna iya kare jama'a, Amurkawa ba za su iya yin wata hanya ba wajen tattara jama'a. Haka kuma lamarin ya kasance a yankin Mekong Delta, inda babu wani karfi da yaji da aka yi wa sojojin Amurka. Amma Quakers da IVS da ke aiki a yankunan Delta, sun ba ni labarin da ba a iya ƙididdigewa ba kwatsam, jirage masu saukar ungulu sun kutsa cikin wani kauye, suka aika da rufin rufi da kayan kasuwan titi suna ta shawagi cikin iska da ƙura, yayin da sojoji suka tara mutane da yawa kamar yadda za su iya kamawa, suna jefa su a cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu tare da tashi da motocin ba su daina ba. Iyaye ba su san inda aka kai 'ya'yansu ba ko; yara, ba su san makomar iyayensu mata ba. Iyalai sun watse a cikin wannan ƙirƙira ta wucin gadi na matsalar 'yan gudun hijira wanda zai sa "masu gudun hijira" na Yaƙin Duniya na II ya zama kamar ba su da mahimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da adadin iyalai da abin ya shafa. Cewa ana amfani da ƙarfin Amurka da gangan don haifar da sabuwar matsala ta "masu gudun hijira" a kan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan kunya na ayyukan Amurka a Vietnam. Rabe-raben iyalai a tsanake ya fi ban tsoro a ƙasar da dangantakar dangi, na kowane abu, ta kasance mafi tsarki.

"Ba su san dalilin da ya sa aka kama su ba ko kuma dalilin da ya sa aka kore su daga gidajensu aka raba su da iyalansu. Kuma wannan shi ne abin da ya fi muni kuma ya saba wa maganganun hukuma cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa na IC ne kawai, wato, fararen hula da aka amince da su a matsayin marasa laifi bayan an yi musu tambayoyi masu tsauri," in ji Orville Schell. [6]

Budaddiyar wasikar ta IVS ga Shugaba Johnson da aka ambata a sama ta wasu bangarori ne a matsayin tuhuma mai daci kamar yadda na taba ji daga wani dan NLF. Wani sashe na wasiƙar ya haɗa da wannan sanarwa daga wani mai sa kai na IVS a wurin nunin ƴan gudun hijira na Cai Be a cikin Mekong Delta:

"Cai Be yana da kyakkyawan shirin 'yan gudun hijirar kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar ma'auni na gwamnati, amma idan aka auna ta kowane ma'auni na ɗan adam, sai ya yi wari. Mun shirya ƙauyuka masu kyau, magudanar ruwa, tsaro na soja, zaɓe da sauran kadarori masu yawa waɗanda ke samun maki a Saigon, amma ba mu da mutanen da ke rayuwa mai kyau ... Na ce wanda ya fi hazaka zai iya yin hakan ba tare da sanin mutum guda da ke da hazaka ba… Ba wai kawai sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira suna tilasta wa wadannan mutane rayuwa ba wanda ba shi da iyaka, suna yin tashin hankali ga al’adu da al’adun mutanen Vietnam…. (Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa ƙungiyar IVS ta zo Vietnam da tabbaci cewa suna taimakawa wajen ceton Kudancin Vietnam daga "ta'addancin gurguzu" da "ta'addanci daga Arewa." Sukar su sun dogara ne akan abin da suka gani a yankunan Amurka-Saigon; babu wanda ya sami kwarewa na rayuwa a yankunan NLF.)

"A matsayinmu na masu aikin sa kai a Vietnam, muna aiki tare da mutane, ba kididdiga ba," wasikar ta ci gaba. "Yaki da aka ruwaito a cikin kididdigar ya ba da hoton ƙarya. Mun karanta jimlar kowane wata na Hoi Chanh (Buɗewar Masu Komawa) sa'an nan kuma tambayi su wane ne waɗannan mutane. Hardcore Vietcong ba zato ba tsammani ya damu da falsafar da ta kasance rayuwarsu da gurasa na tsawon shekaru? A'a. Su ne ƙananan Vietcong mafi kyau, idan Vietcong ya jawo hankalin dala daga wannan shirin. Za a iya siyan ba zai haifar da canji a Vietnam ba…

"Wani ƙauye yana zaune cikin lumana a ƙarƙashin ikon Vietcong. Sojojin gwamnati ko na Amurka sun isa don 'yantar da jama'a. Tashin hankali ya biyo baya, an ƙirƙira 'yan gudun hijira, amma Vietcong sun ɓace. Idan sojoji suka yanke shawarar kada su yi noman ƙauyen a ƙarƙashin - kamar yadda Ben Sue ke yi a Operation Cedar Falls - Vietcong za ta dawo ta dawo da ikonsu… "

Wannan "Tashin hankali yana faruwa" lokacin da Saigon ko sojojin Amurka suka "yantar da" ƙauyen rashin fahimta ne. A farkon Maris na 1967, na ziyarci wata cibiyar ‘yan gudun hijira a Lardin Svay Rieng ta Cambodia, inda a cikinta akwai ‘yan gudun hijira 3,801 da suka hada da maza 358, mata 980, sauran yara. Sun gudu ne daga hare-haren wuce gona da iri da aka kai kan kauyukan da suke kan iyaka a lardin Kien Phuong na Kudancin Vietnam. Labarunsu sun kasance iri ɗaya. Diep Van Day, wani baƙauye mai shekaru 63, daga ƙauyen Tan Thanh, ya ce: “Amurkawa sun yi tururuwa cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu, sun buɗe wuta a kan komai: mutane, dabbobi, bukkoki, duk wanda suka ɗora hannuwansu a kan wanda ya ƙi yin magana, sai su kashe nan da nan. Daga cikin mu da za su iya shiga cikin daji mun ketare kogin da dare zuwa Cambodia. "

Lam Thi Vo na ƙauyen Hung Dien ya gaya wa iyalinta abin da ya faru da iyalinta: "Mijina yana cikin gonar shinkafa, sai suka kama shi suka tambaye shi ko akwai wani Vietcong a kusa, ya ce babu. Sun tambayi inda 'ya'yansa suke. Sun caka masa wuka a cikinsa har sai da hanjinsa ya fito waje, wasu sun kama ’yata, suka tambaye ta inda ’yan Vietcong suke, ta ce ba ta sani ba.

Ta tabbata cewa waɗannan sojojin Amurka ne, ba 'yan Vietnam ta Kudu ko Koriya ta Kudu ba? "Su Amurkawa ne," in ji ta. "Amurkawa kaɗai ne suka zo ƙauyenmu, tare da fassarori ɗaya ko biyu na Kudancin Vietnam." Kuma duk sun yi ijma'i akan wannan batu. Nguyen Thi Vien, wata tsohuwa daga Vinh Thanh, ta ce: "Sun fito daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu, suka kama duk wanda za su iya, dana na daya daga cikinsu, ya kasa gaya musu komai, sai suka harbe shi, yana da kananan yara shida shi ya sa na kawo su nan, kwanaki hudu da suka wuce sun dawo suka kona kauyen."

Wata mata mai suna Le Bong daga ƙauyen Hung Dien ta ce: “Sun fito daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu da bindigoginsu suna ta harbe-harbe, mijina yana jan ragamar kamun kifi sai suka harbe shi, sai kawai gawarsa ya gangara zuwa cikin kogin, mutane suka yi gaggawar ceto shi.

Vo Thi Ba, mai shekaru 75, wata mata mara hakori, fuska da murzawa daga kauyen Vinh Thanh, ta ce: "Mijina da dana suna cikin jirginsu na kamun kifi, suna shirin kafa tarunsu, sojojin sun fito da gudu daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu, suka yi musu luguden wuta daga bankin.

Pham Thi Suc, wata mace 'yar shekara 26, daga ƙauyen Hung Dien, tana shayar da jariri ƙarami, ta bayyana cewa harin ya faru ne a lokacin da ruwan da ke cikin kogunan ya yi ƙasa kuma dukkan masu ƙarfin jiki suna shiga cikin kama kifi don yin nuoc mam, miyar kifi mai yawa da ba ta da mahimmanci ga abincin Vietnam.

"Zai zama shekara mara kyau ga dukkanmu," in ji ta. "Mijina shi ma yana kamun kifi. Sojojin Yankee sun buɗe dukkan jiragen ruwan, duk wanda suka gani. Mijina yana nan tare da jiragen ruwan kuma an kashe shi. Duk jiragen ruwanmu sun cika da ramuka kuma suka nufi ƙasa. Sojoji suka yi sauri suka kama duk ragar da suka samu. Sun tara su, suka zuba musu fetur suka kunna musu wuta. Sun fasa duk tukwanen nuoc mam da suka samu da duk wani jirgin ruwa da ke bakin teku. Ina da wasu ƙananan yara uku," in ji ta, manyan idanunta baƙi cike da hawaye, leɓunanta suna rawa yayin da take kallon ƙaramin jaririn da ke zaune a cikin hannunta. "Dole ne mu koma da wuri-wuri yayin da kifayen har yanzu suna da sauƙin kamawa."

A cikin wannan yanayin Amurkawa sun yi "kumburi" daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye cikin sauri "kashe duka, lalata duk" hare-haren, suna dawowa mako guda ko fiye da haka don aiwatar da "ƙona duka" na aikinsu.

'Yan gudun hijirar sun aika da masu sa ido a kowane dare don su ba da rahoto game da halin da ake ciki a kauyuka daban-daban. Wani dan leken asiri ya yi mamaki a daren da ya gabata na ziyarci sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kuma an kashe shi. Da zaran sun tabbatar da cewa Amurkawa sun bar yankin 'yan gudun hijirar duk za su koma su fara sake gina garuruwansu. Bayan mako guda da na koma sansanin don samun ƙarin bayani, da saura ƙasa da ɗari. Kuma waɗannan mutane suna jiran labari daga ƙauyen su, wanda ke nesa da kan iyaka fiye da sauran.

A wata tafiya zuwa yankunan kan iyaka a lokacin, na ziyarci ƙauyen Chrak Kranh na Cambodia, a lardin Kompong Cham. Sojojin Amurka sun mamaye wannan ƙauyen tsawon mako guda yayin wani ƙarin aikin na Operation Junction City. Gabanin mamayar dai an jefa bama-bamai a yankin da ke kewaye da kauyen, an kuma yi ta harbin bindiga mai tsawon milimita 105, inda aka harba harsashi 27. Kafin su janye, Amurkawa sun lalata kowane gida, makaranta, cibiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a da pagoda da gurneti masu tayar da hankali. Sun kashe dabbobin duka, suka farfasa duk abin da suka samu tun daga kayan aikin noma har zuwa kwanon wanke-wanke. Hukumar kula da harkokin kasa da kasa ta tabbatar da gaskiyar wannan barna a kauyen Cambodia mai zaman lafiya, wadda manyan wakilanta suka ziyarci kauyen bayan da Amurkawa suka janye.

Ko wannan wani shahararren taswirar Amurka ne yana karanta "kuskure" kuma suna tunanin cewa Chrak Kranh "kawai" wani ƙauyen Kudancin Vietnam ne kusa da batun. An yi sa'a ba a samu asarar rai ba. Sakamakon tashin bama-bamai da harsasai da kuma hayaniyar tankokin yaki da ke fadowa a cikin dajin, mutanen kauyen Chrak Kranh sun janye daga kauyen nasu, inda suka yi gaba da buffa da aladun da za su iya yi. Yara ƙanana sun taka tare da kaji a ƙarƙashin hannunsu da lodi a bayansu. Sun yi sa'a. Suna da lungu da sako na lumana da za su janye. Wadanda suka yi rashin sa'a a kauyuka kamar Huong Dien, a daya gefen kan iyaka an kama su da kogi a bayansu da bindigogi masu ci da wuta a gaba. Don yankunan Kudancin Vietnam da ke da ikon Amurka akwai hanyoyi guda biyu kawai: tarkace da tarkace na ƙauyen Chrak Kranh ko kuma rayuwa a bayan shingen shinge na kauyukan sansanin taro da "kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci" (wanda yanzu ake kira "cibiyoyin ci gaban juyin juya hali").

An bayyana ƙarin tabbacin hanyoyin "kwace teku" a wata hira da wani soja daga rundunar sojojin kwantar da tarzoma ta "Mike" ta Rundunar Sojojin Musamman ta Amurka. A matsayina na memba na ƙungiyar bincike ta Kotun Laifukan Yaƙi ta Duniya, [7] Ina zaune a ƙauyen Phnom Denh da ke kan iyaka a Lardin Takeo na Cambodia, a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1967, don ɗaukar shaida daga 'yan gudun hijirar tsirarun Khmer (Cambodia) a Kudancin Vietnam. Labarinsu game da lalata ƙauyukansu ya yi kama da na 'yan gudun hijirar Vietnam a sansanonin Svay Rien. Kwana ɗaya kafin isowarmu, wani babban sajen na Rundunar Sojoji ta Musamman ɗan asalin Khmer, wanda ke ɗauke da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta ta AR-15 da harba gurneti, ya ketare kan iyaka ya miƙa kansa. Ya ba da sunansa a matsayin Muong Ponn, wani tsohon soja na shekaru 19 yana aiki, da farko tare da rundunar sojojin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Faransa, sannan tare da rundunar Diem kuma a ƙarshe, har zuwa ranar da ta gabata ga taronmu, tare da "Rundunar Mike" da ke aiki a Amurka.

Wani bangare na tattaunawar ya gudana kamar haka:

– Menene sashinku yake yi a wannan yankin?

– Tana shiga cikin wani samame na ceto Amurkawa biyar da ake tunanin ana tsare da fursunoni a wani tsauni da ke kusa.

– Me ya sa kuka yanke shawarar zuwa Cambodia?

– Na ji kyama da halakar kauyukan Khmer da kisan kiyashi

na al'ummar Khmer a cikin "ayyukan aikin mu na kashe-kashe."

– Me ake nufi da “mopping-up”?

– Ana yi mana parachut ko kuma an jefa mu da jirage masu saukar ungulu. Muna harbin komai kuma muna kashe duk wanda za mu iya.

- Kuna da oda don wannan tasirin?

- Ee.

– Wane ne ke ba da umarni?

– Amurkawa.

- Shin za ku iya kwatanta wani samame da aka yi a kwanan nan a ƙauyen Khmer?

– Da. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, wannan shekara, mun shiga wani samame a wani kauye a Phnom Ak Yom. Da farko dai F-105s sun kai harin bam. Daga nan aka kai mu parachut, an yi mugun kisan kiyashi, akasari mata da yara. Maza kaɗan ne kawai, ban da tsofaffin. Umurninmu shine mu harbe don kashe duk wani abin da ya motsa.

– Shin Amirkawa sun shiga?

– Da. Babban kwamandan mu mai kula da aikin shi ne Manjo Marchand.

[Ba shi yiwuwa a sami sunan daidai kamar yadda Muong Ponn ya kasa rubutawa cikin rubutun Latin kuma yana iya ba da ma'anar sunan kawai. Ya tabbatar, duk da haka, rundunar ta kasance a Can Tho, a cikin Mekong Delta, kuma wannan jami'in ne ya jagoranci dukkan ayyukan.]

– Wane irin kauye ne?

– Ya kasance kusan Khmer. Bayan wannan aikin ne na yanke shawarar barin.

- Za ku iya kwatanta wasu lokuta irin wannan, kwanan nan?

– Da. An yi wani aiki a kauyen My Da da ke lardin Moe Boa. An kashe mazauna garin sittin, kusan dukkansu mata da yara. Garin ƙauye ne na Vietnamese da Khmers. An ba mu umarni da mu shafe ƙauyen gaba ɗaya. A zahiri mata da yara ne kawai; su ne kawai suka rage a baya. Naji haushi.

Daga baya wani jami’in leken asiri na rundunar sojin Cambodia ya kara da cewa, a lokacin da ake yi masa tambayoyi na farko, Muong Ponn ya bayyana cewa, an jera wasu gungun mata da yara a kauyen My Da, kuma jami’in dan sandan na Amurka, Marchand, ya ba da umarnin korar. Sojojin Khmer sun ki yarda kuma Amurkawa ne suka yi harbin. Ponn ya ce sashinsa ya kunshi kamfanoni uku na mazaje kusan 180 kowanne, tare da jami’an Amurka 30 da kuma NCO.

Idan da waɗanda suka tsira daga wannan kisan kiyashin sun gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin “cibiyoyin ƴan gudun hijira na Kudancin Vietnam maimakon zuwa Svay Rieng da lardin Takeo na Cambodia, da tabbas an ƙara su cikin kididdigar "'yan gudun hijirar daga ta'addancin Vietcong."

"Gaskiya ne, abin tsoro da ban tsoro cewa saboda yaƙin, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Vietnam sun rasa matsuguni," in ji Sanata Edward Kennedy a cikin wani jawabi ga Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1967. [8] "Sakamakon wannan gagarumin sauyi da ya faru a rayuwar 'yan gudun hijira da kuma al'ummar da suke ciki, ya girgiza tunanin kuma ya hana fahimta. Yaƙin ya haifar da mutane marasa tushe, ya lalata al'adun iyali da al'adun ƙauye, ya haifar da rashin kulawa, rashin fahimta har ma da rashin yarda da ƙiyayya ga ƙoƙarinmu, a tsakanin wani ɓangare na al'ummar Kudancin Vietnam.

“Mun yi ta shawagi a cikin rukunonin kauyuka da kauyuka suna shayar da su da takardu da ke bayyana makomarsu idan ba su tashi ba, mun isa wuraren da ayarin motocinmu muka yi tashe-tashen hankula da mutanen da aka sace daga gidajensu, mun lalata kauyuka tare da daidaita yankunan karkara, muna jigilar mazauna wuraren da ake kira sansanoni, wuraren tsafta, wuraren tsafta, wuraren da ba a shirya su ba, babu wani gine-gine da ba a shirya su ba, babu wani gine-gine da ba za a yi amfani da su ba. damar samun aiki ko abin rayuwa sai a sanya gidajensu da gonakinsu a cikin wani yanki wanda duk wani abu da ya motsa dole ne a dauki shi a matsayin wani abu na gaba.

Idan za a iya motsa Sanata Kennedy zuwa irin wannan kololuwar bacin rai, to mutum zai iya tunanin menene ainihin yanayin al'amura.

Da yake bayar da shaida a zaman Kotun Laifukan Yaƙi ta Duniya na biyu, Dakta Erik Wulff [9] ya kuma zargi Amurka da wata manufa da gangan ta "samar da 'yan gudun hijira." Ya bayyana abin da ke faruwa a "cibiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira":

"An raba iyalai zuwa rukuni a shugaban da aka sanya 'yan sanda. Yaya za su gudanar da wannan? Mutane ba sa barin [kauyukansu] da son rai; 'yan Vietnamese sun kasance masu sha'awar gonakin shinkafa, ƙauyukansu; bautar kakanni na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Duk wani ɗan ƙasar Vietnam yana son ya rayu, ya yi aure, ya haifi 'ya'ya kuma ya mutu a inda aka haife shi, don su bar ƙauyensa. sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kuma don haka, Amurkawa suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda ake kira gaba ɗaya, bisa ga ɗan gajeren lokaci, 'samar da 'yan gudun hijira.' Wannan wa'adin, wanda yawancin jami'an Amurka ke aiki, ba a taɓa yin magana da shi ba a taron manema labarai.

"Da farko sun ayyana wani yanki a matsayin 'yankin da ba a kai hari ba,' 'yankin da ba a kai hari ba' ko kuma 'yankin da ba za a kai hari ba,' ka'idojin fasaha da aka yi amfani da su..." Dr. Wulff ya ci gaba da bayyana irin tsarin da Sanata Kennedy ya ambata na fadowar leaflet wanda ya biyo bayan harin bam, napalming da bindigogi na kauyuka da kuma lokacin da mutane har yanzu suka ki tilastawa fita ta hanyar ta'addanci. "Saboda haka, ana shigo da jiragen sama, da jirage masu saukar ungulu, tare da sojoji suna korar mazauna wurin ta hanyar bindiga. Dole ne su tashi ba tare da daukar komai tare da su ba, wani nau'in hukunci na rashin bin umarnin Amurkawa na alheri..."

Ta hanyar da aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi, Dokar Amurka-Saigon ta yi nasarar "ɓata teku," ko da yake an wuce gona da iri na Sanata Kennedy na "kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a", hakika a lokacin. Amma cewa har yanzu akwai isasshen ruwa don kifin da za su yi iyo sosai fiye da kowane lokaci, nasarorin NLF sun nuna a cikin hare-haren rani na 1967-68. Abin da Amirkawa suka gano ga farashin su shine cewa sun motsa wani yanki mai mahimmanci na "teku" zuwa hanyoyin manyan garuruwa kuma "kifi" suna jin dadi sosai a gida a can, suna shirye-shiryen hare-haren sabuwar shekara ta 1968. Ta wannan "teku" na wucin gadi ne sojojin NLF suka yi iyo a cikin Têt. Dubban daruruwan "'yan gudun hijira", zukatansu suna zafi da ƙiyayya ga Amurkawa, suna cikin amintattun abokan da sojojin NLF suka yi, suna ɓoye su da makamai kuma suna taimaka musu su shiga cikin garuruwa da birane a cikin kudancin Vietnam. Don haka manufar Amurka ta "samar da 'yan gudun hijira" ta haifar da sakamako daidai da wanda aka tsara.

Notes.

[1] Wurin kisan gilla mai muni ta hanyar guba ga "wadanda ake zargi da kisan gillar Vietnam" sama da 1,000 a watan Oktoba, 1959.

[2] Jonathan Schell, Ƙauyen Ben Suc , Knopf, New York, 1967, shafi na 94.

[3] Jonathan Schell, Ƙauyen Ben Suc , shafi na 15-16.

[4] 22 ga Nuwamba, 1965.

[5] A lokacin da yake matsayin Brigadier Janar, Lansdale babban jami'in CIA ne wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa - a matsayin Kanar Lansdale - wajen kafa Ngo Dinh Diem a kan mulki a Saigon da kuma kawar da ƙungiyoyin addini masu ɗauke da makamai na Faransa. Daga baya an yi masa ritaya, amma Lodge ya dawo da shi Kudancin Vietnam lokacin da na biyu ya dawo a matsayin jakadan Amurka, don jagorantar "zaman lafiya". Bayan an amince da gazawarsa gaba ɗaya, Lansdale ya sake yin ritaya lokacin da Ellsworth Bunker ya maye gurbin Cabot Lodge a matsayin jakada a watan Maris na 1967.

[6] Shell yana ambato daga wani labarin mai taken "Fursunoni 'Yan Vietnam" da ya rubuta wa Jaridar New York Review of Books , yayin da yake amsa tambayoyin lauyan Faransa, Gisèle Halimi, wanda ke wakiltar Kotun Laifukan Yaƙi ta Duniya.

[7] Tare da Madame Cukier-Kahn, ƙwararriyar masaniyar sinadarai, Farfesa a fannin Magunguna Francis Kahn da kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Faransa, Roger Pic.

[8] Gisèle Halimi, lauya 'yar ƙasar Faransa ce ta gabatar da wannan bayani a zaman Kotun Laifukan Yaƙi ta Duniya na 2 kuma an sake fassara shi daga Faransanci, ainihin rubutun Ingilishi bai samu ba a lokacin rubuta shi.

[9] Dr Erich Wulff na Ofishin Taimakon Lafiya na Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamus zuwa Kudancin Vietnam wanda ya shafe sama da shekaru shida a Hué, aikinsa a can ya ƙare 'yan kwanaki kaɗan kafin ya ba da shaida a Roskilde.

NA GABA: Babi na Goma – Karkashin Juriya

XXX

 

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